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Comparative Studies on Solubility and Thermo Dynamics Properties of Natural Rubber Filled with CB/CPKS and CB/APKS Fillers
Malomo Dosu,
Olasupo Abdulhakeem Dapo,
Odidi Donald Okpo,
Adewuyi Sulaiman Olalekan,
Egharevba Owen,
Ehis-Iyoha Esohe,
Momoh Dauda,
Oseghale Faithful,
Okpara Efe Godwin,
Okoh Kenneth,
Abimbade Sunday Felix
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 3, May 2021
Pages:
46-54
Received:
19 November 2020
Accepted:
21 December 2020
Published:
14 May 2021
Abstract: In this research, the comparative studies on solubility and thermodynamics properties of natural rubber vulcanizates filled with blends of activated palm kernel shell and carbonized palm kernel shell has been investigated. Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) was locally sourced. washed and sun dried to remove accompanying and moisture. The PKS was then pulverized to particle size, carbonized at 600°C for one hour (1hr) using Carbolite furnaces and chemically activated using 0.1M H3PO4 and 0.1M KOH solutions. The NR-filler loading concentrations of CB/APKS and CB/CPKS were compounded using two-roll mill. The solubility was done using three different solvents of water, kerosene and petrol respectively. The solubility results obtained for CB/APKS and CB/CPKS has no significance difference as the temperature varies when immersed in water. The solubility values observed for CB/APKS and CB/CPKS ranges from 1.06g to 1.19g and 1.03g to 1.19g across the samples respectively. This shows that since the filler is an organic substance, it has little or no affinity for water. In the case of kerosene and petrol, both are organics and the filler is an organic substance which follows the statement ‘like-dissolves-like’ as the temperature increases, the absorption of kerosene is lower than that of petrol. The results recorded for kerosene across the samples of CB/APKS and CB/CPKS ranges from 1.18g to 4.37g and 2.02g to 4.79g while the results for petrol ranges from 2.25g to 4.92g and 2.51g to 4.88g respectively. This may be due to the fact that petrol is volatile and flammable compared to kerosene. The results of the activation energy were a reflection of the solvent’s permeability except for water which showed contrary results. The results of the activation energy obtained for the three solvents across CB/APKS and CB/CPKS were 5.55 KJ/mol for water, kerosene with 9.48 KJ/mol and petrol with 13.61 KJ/mol respectively. The results observed for water might be due to its nature as the universal solvent being entirely different from other solvents in terms of reactivity and anomalous property. This means polar solvents dissolve polar molecules while nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar molecules. This research shows that both CB/APKS and CB/CPKS possess great potential in rubber system.
Abstract: In this research, the comparative studies on solubility and thermodynamics properties of natural rubber vulcanizates filled with blends of activated palm kernel shell and carbonized palm kernel shell has been investigated. Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) was locally sourced. washed and sun dried to remove accompanying and moisture. The PKS was then pulveri...
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The Role of Nanotechnology for Energy Storage, Conservation and Post Combustion CO2 Capture in Industry: A Review
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 3, May 2021
Pages:
55-60
Received:
5 April 2021
Accepted:
23 April 2021
Published:
21 June 2021
Abstract: Nanotechnology is referred to as the science of nanoscale which is objects that range in nanometers in size. The use of nanomaterials in energy conversion and storage represents an opportunity to improve the performance, density and ease of transportation in renewable resources. Energy is an unavoidable theme in contemporary society, ranging from basic daily life to superior science and technology. Over increasing energy demand and always deteriorating environmental issues, electricity has turn out to be bottleneck and is hindering the development of society. The use of nanotechnology to increase a suite of sustainable power manufacturing schemes is one of the most necessary scientific challenges of the 21st century. The challenge is to design, to synthesize, and to represent new useful nanomaterials with controllable sizes, shapes, and structures. And also now a day’s a serious interset is required to reduce the level of CO2 the use of advanced and environment friendly CO2 seize technologies. Carbon dioxide seize and storage (CCS) applied sciences can also play an necessary function in this direction. Nanotechnology is used to seize CO2 formore than a few industrial processes. This review is ordinarily centered on the role of nanotechnology in the electricity storage, conservation and post-combustion CO2 absorption process. The features of nanomaterials and nanoparticles have been studied in the current work.
Abstract: Nanotechnology is referred to as the science of nanoscale which is objects that range in nanometers in size. The use of nanomaterials in energy conversion and storage represents an opportunity to improve the performance, density and ease of transportation in renewable resources. Energy is an unavoidable theme in contemporary society, ranging from b...
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A Review on Tribological Study of DLC Coatings in Combination with Bio Based Lubricants
Muhammad Talha Hanif,
Rehan Zahid,
Riaz Mufti,
Muhammad Waqas,
Tehreem Naveed
Issue:
Volume 10, Issue 3, May 2021
Pages:
61-78
Received:
19 March 2021
Accepted:
24 May 2021
Published:
26 June 2021
Abstract: In past few years DLC coatings and bio based lubricants have gained significant attraction due to their excellent tribological properties. Biolubricants showed synergetic behavior with contact surfaces, when used as a lubricant. Reason behind the attraction towards biolubricants is that they are renewable and biodegradable source of energy. The dominant properties of biolubricants are high flash point, less coefficient of friction, good wear resistance, high viscosity index, lower toxicity and high biodegradability. On the other hand, diamond like carbon (DLC) coatings have also gained attraction due to their excellent tribological properties which enables them to reduce the COF and wear of contact surfaces. In literature, many experimental studies have been carried out by researchers on DLC coating and biolubricants to analyze their interaction. Although biolubricants are not much applying in practical tribology fields but their properties are significant as compared to conventional synthetic lubricants. In this review paper, data from past few years published papers have been arranged in an organized manner to study the interaction of DLC coatings with biolubricants. Most widely used DLC coatings (W-DLC, a-C:H DLC, ta-C DLC) and biolubricants (palm oil, coconut oil, canola oil, sunflower oil, jatropha oil and rapeseed oil) were considered for this study. Tribological performance of symmetric (DLC) contacts and asymmetric (DLC and steel) contacts with biolubricants have been analyzed by comparing the average values of coefficient of friction and coefficient of wear. Synergetic behavior was obtained when biolubricants were used with symmetric DLC coated contact while tribological results were not much effective in case of asymmetrical contact of DLC coatings and steel.
Abstract: In past few years DLC coatings and bio based lubricants have gained significant attraction due to their excellent tribological properties. Biolubricants showed synergetic behavior with contact surfaces, when used as a lubricant. Reason behind the attraction towards biolubricants is that they are renewable and biodegradable source of energy. The dom...
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